Beating Bowel Blues- Colon Cancer Treatment Options You Need to Know

Imagine a world where feeling a bit queasy doesn’t send shivers down your spine. A world where being told you have colon cancer feels more like a hurdle to overcome than a deadly sentence. According to statistics, colon cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in both men and women in Singapore, accounting for a considerable proportion of healthcare costs. This article aims to provide you with the knowledge you need to navigate colorectal cancer treatments with confidence, together with your doctor. We will explore a range of options, from early-stage interventions to advanced treatment strategies, giving you the tools to take control of your health.

Signs and Symptoms of Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, develops in the colon or rectum and may progress silently in its early stages.

Early-Stage Symptoms

In its initial stages, colon cancer often causes no discomfort. However, as the disease advances, symptoms become more evident. Early warning signs include:

• Blood in the stools
• Changes in bowel movements, such as constipation, diarrhea, or narrow, ribbon-shaped stools
• A persistent feeling of incomplete bowel movements
• Cramps, bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or anemia from internal bleeding
• Loss of appetite, fatigue, and general weakness
• Unexplained weight loss

Additional Symptoms in Men and Women

Both men and women may also experience:

• Changes in stool consistency, such as loose or thin stools
• Darker-colored stools, including maroon or black
• A persistent urge to pass stools despite recently doing so, often accompanied by fatigue and weakness
• Iron-deficiency anemia

Other Warning Signs

Additional signs that could indicate colon cancer include:

• Abdominal bloating or distension
• Reduced frequency of bowel movements

By recognizing these symptoms early, individuals can seek timely medical advice, which is critical for early detection and effective treatment.

Understanding the Stages of Colon Cancer:

The treatment for colon cancer depends on the stage of the disease, which shows how advanced it is. In the early stages, colon cancer is confined to the inner lining. However, it can affect the lymph nodes or spread to other organs in the body as the disease becomes more advanced. To accurately identify the stage, medical professionals typically employ procedures such as colonoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests like CT scans.

Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer According to Stage:

Early-Stage Colon Cancer (Stage I & II)

• Surgery: The primary treatment for early-stage colon cancer involves surgically removing the affected portion of the colon. This can be achieved through a partial colectomy or, in some cases, complete removal. For Stage I cancers located in specific areas, minimally invasive approaches such as laparoscopic or robotic surgery may be viable options.
• Active Surveillance: For small, low-risk Stage I cancers that have been fully removed, active surveillance may be an option. This approach involves close monitoring with regular colonoscopies every few years to detect any potential recurrence.

Stage III Colon Cancer

• Surgery: Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for Stage III colon cancer, similar to early-stage cancers.
• Adjuvant Chemotherapy: Following surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy is often recommended. This involves administering drugs to eliminate any remaining microscopic cancer cells, thereby reducing the likelihood of recurrence.

Stage IV Colon Cancer (Advanced or Metastatic)

• Surgery: In select cases, surgery may be performed to remove the primary tumor or address complications such as bowel obstruction.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy remains a key treatment for advanced colon cancer. The choice of drugs and regimen is tailored based on factors such as overall health and tumor characteristics.
• Immunotherapy: For certain cases, immunotherapy may be an effective option, depending on the molecular profile of the tumor.

Additional Treatment Consideration: Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to precisely target and destroy cancer cells. It is often combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy, particularly for locally advanced rectal cancer, to shrink tumors and increase the likelihood of successful surgical removal. Additionally, radiation therapy can alleviate symptoms such as pain and bleeding, enhancing the quality of life for individuals with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Selecting the Appropriate Treatment:

The most suitable treatment plan will be decided after discussion between you and your doctor. Factors considered include: stage and location of cancer, overall health, physical and functional status. 

In summary, there have been significant advancements in the treatment of colorectal cancer, providing patients with various options tailored to their specific needs, the characteristics of their disease, and the overall goals of care. These options include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Ongoing progress in medical science continues to enhance outcomes and the quality of life for individuals with colon cancer. However, it is crucial to emphasise the importance of early detection. Regular screening and awareness of colon cancer symptoms are vital for prompt intervention and improved prognosis.